Don't invest unless you're prepared to lose all the money you invest. This is a high-risk investment and you should not expect to be protected if something goes wrong. Take 2 mins to learn more.
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Due to the potential for losses, the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) considers this investment to be high risk.
What are the key risks?
1. You could lose all the money you invest
The performance of most cryptoassets can be highly volatile, with their value dropping as quickly as it can rise. You should be prepared to lose all the money you invest in cryptoassets.
The cryptoasset market is largely unregulated. There is a risk of losing money or any cryptoassets you purchase due to risks such as cyber-attacks, financial crime and firm failure.
2. You should not expect to be protected if something goes wrong
The Financial Services Compensation Scheme (FSCS) doesn't protect this type of investment because it's not a 'specified investment' under the UK regulatory regime – in other words, this type of investment isn't recognised as the sort of investment that the FSCS can protect. Learn more by using the FSCS investment protection checker.
The Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS) will not be able to consider complaints related to this firm or Protection from the Financial Ombudsman Service (FOS) does not cover poor investment performance. If you have a complaint against an FCA regulated firm, FOS may be able to consider it. Learn more about FOS protection here.
3. You may not be able to sell your investment when you want to
There is no guarantee that investments in cryptoassets can be easily sold at any given time. The ability to sell a cryptoasset depends on various factors, including the supply and demand in the market at that time.
Operational failings such as technology outages, cyber-attacks and comingling of funds could cause unwanted delay and you may be unable to sell your cryptoassets at the time you want.
4. Cryptoasset investments can be complex
Investments in cryptoassets can be complex, making it difficult to understand the risks associated with the investment.
You should do your own research before investing. If something sounds too good to be true, it probably is.
5. Don't put all your eggs in one basket
Putting all your money into a single type of investment is risky. Spreading your money across different investments makes you less dependent on any one to do well.
A good rule of thumb is not to invest more than 10% of your money in high-risk investments.
If you are interested in learning more about how to protect yourself, visit the FCA's website here.
For further information about cryptoassets, visit the FCA's website here.
Key takeaways
Stablecoins offer fixed prices by pegging to assets like the US dollar, providing stability to volatile crypto markets.
Fiat-backed stablecoins rely on external collateral and trust, while algorithmic types risk collapse as seen with Terra Luna’s 2022 failure.
Stablecoins facilitate diverse financial uses like hedging against market volatility, but thorough project research remains essential.
Bitcoin and nearly all other cryptocurrencies are notoriously volatile – capable of experiencing double-digit price swings in less than 24 hours. That’s actually an attractive feature for speculative investors looking to profit from price movements, but it’s one of the biggest barriers to the widespread adoption and legitimacy of cryptocurrency as… a currency! After all, how can you really use something as a currency when its value flucctuates so wildly?
Enter stablecoins. These fixed-price digital currencies provide stability and a much wider range of everyday use cases than cryptocurrencies currently enjoy, and there are now more than 50 stablecoin projects being developed around the world.
Here’s how stablecoins work, the benefits they offer, why they’re important and some of the most popular examples.
What are stablecoins?
A stablecoin is a cryptocurrency with a fixed price. While the price of most cryptocurrencies is determined by supply and demand, stablecoins are designed to achieve a constant, stable price.
The most common method stablecoins use to achieve price stability is to peg the value of their coin to a real-world asset, for example gold or the US dollar. However, there are also a couple of other approaches for designing stablecoins, and we’ll explore all the options in detail a little further down the page.
These stablecoins may be backed by a real-life reserve of the thing they’re pegged to, but that’s not always a case. Plus the peg can break, as history has shown us. TerraUSD was unable to maintain its peg to the US dollar in 2022, and when this happened its value completely collapsed.
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Compare stablecoins side-by-side
The market caps of these stable coins flucctuates, but we’ve tried to order this static table with the bigest first. With around ~60% of the total market at the time of writing, Tether is quite dominant.
Coin
Issued by
Launch year
Type
Stability
Tether (USDT)
Tether (iFinex)
2014
Fiat-backed
Pegged to USD
USD Coin (USDC)
Circle
2018
Fiat-backed
Pegged to USD
Ethena USDe (USDe)
Ethena Labs
2024
Synthetic (delta-neutral hedged)
Pegged to USD
Dai (DAI)
MakerDAO / Sky
2017
Crypto-collateralised
Pegged to USD
World Liberty Financial USD (USD1)
World Liberty Financial
2025
Fiat-backed
Pegged to USD
PayPal USD (PYUSD)
Paxos (for PayPal)
2023
Fiat-backed
Pegged to USD
Global Dollar (USDG)
Paxos
2024
Fiat-backed
Pegged to USD
USDD (USDD)
Tron DAO Reserve
2022
Crypto-collateralised / algorithmic
Pegged to USD
Ripple USD (RLUSD)
Ripple
2024
Fiat-backed
Pegged to USD
First Digital USD (FDUSD)
First Digital Labs (HK)
2023
Fiat-backed
Pegged to USD
Sky Dollar (USDS)
Sky (ex-MakerDAO)
2024
Crypto-collateralised
Pegged to USD
TrueUSD (TUSD)
Techteryx (ex-TrustToken)
2018
Fiat-backed
Pegged to USD
Pax Dollar (USDP)
Paxos
2018
Fiat-backed
Pegged to USD
Gemini Dollar (GUSD)
Gemini
2018
Fiat-backed
Pegged to USD
Frax (FRAX)
Frax Finance
2020
Fractional-algorithmic (now fully collateralised)
Pegged to USD
Ethena USDtb (USDtb)
Ethena Labs
2024
Fiat-backed (BlackRock BUIDL reserves)
Pegged to USD
Usual USD (USD0)
Usual
2024
RWA / fiat-backed
Pegged to USD
Falcon USD (USDf)
Falcon Finance
2025
Over-collateralised / synthetic
Pegged to USD
Ondo US Dollar Yield (USDY)
Ondo Finance
2023
RWA-backed (US Treasuries)
Pegged to USD
Mountain Protocol USD (USDM)
Mountain Protocol
2023
RWA-backed (US Treasuries)
Pegged to USD
GHO (GHO)
Aave
2023
Crypto-collateralised
Pegged to USD
crvUSD (crvUSD)
Curve Finance
2023
Crypto-collateralised
Pegged to USD
Liquity USD (LUSD)
Liquity
2021
Crypto-collateralised (ETH)
Pegged to USD
Synthetix USD (sUSD)
Synthetix
2020
Crypto-collateralised
Pegged to USD
Elixir deUSD (deUSD)
Elixir
2024
Synthetic / RWA-backed
Pegged to USD
Euro Coin (EURC)
Circle
2022
Fiat-backed
Pegged to EUR
Stasis Euro (EURS)
Stasis
2018
Fiat-backed
Pegged to EUR
Tether Gold (XAUt)
Tether
2020
Commodity-backed
Pegged to 1 troy oz gold
PAX Gold (PAXG)
Paxos
2019
Commodity-backed
Pegged to 1 troy oz gold
Tether EURt (EURt)
Tether
2016
Fiat-backed
Pegged to EUR
…AND in May 2026, US banking app SoFi launched SoFiUSD, the first stablecoin issued by a US national bank to be offered directly on a consumer banking app – letting members buy, sell, hold and convert the token on Ethereum and Solana.
How do stablecoins work?
How do stablecoin creators achieve the price stability they desire? There are three different types of stablecoins, each with its own approach for ensuring minimal price fluctuations.
Fiat-collateralised stablecoins
This is the simplest method of creating a stablecoin and is used by Tether (USDT), one of the best-known stablecoins in existence today. Fiat-collateralised stablecoins are backed by a real-world asset, most commonly the US dollar or some other fiat currency but also a traditional asset such as gold. That asset is owned and held by a central entity, with each unit of the stablecoin backed by a corresponding unit of the fiat currency.
For example, a stablecoin issuer accepts deposits in USD and issues one unit of stablecoin for every dollar it receives – the digital currency is effectively an IOU issued on that asset. If you decide you want to cash out 1,000 units of stablecoin, the coin issuer transfers you US$1,000 and “burns” 1,000 stablecoins.
While this method is reasonably easy to understand and implement, its main downside is that it requires a high level of trust in the central entity that controls USD deposits and issues the stablecoin.
And trust can be hard to come by in the crypto world. For example, Tether has long been the subject of accusations that not only is it used to prop up the price of Bitcoin, but also that the company behind the currency (Tether Limited) doesn’t have sufficient USD reserves to back up the supply of Tether.
Pros and cons of fiat-collateralised stablecoins
Pros
Easy to understand
Stablecoin’s value should match the value of a real-world asset
Cons
Required trust in third party to hold sufficient fiat collateral
Auditing required to make sure appropriate amount of collateral is being held – this can be slow and expensive
Uses a centralised structure that somewhat negates one of the key principles of cryptocurrency – decentralisation
Relies on traditional fiat currency payment systems, which are slower and more expensive than cryptocurrency
Crypto-collateralised stablecoins
The concept of crypto-collateralised stablecoins is fairly similar to that of fiat-collateralised stablecoins, but with the obvious difference that they’re backed by digital currency (or a basket of digital currencies).
They also need to account for the volatility of the cryptocurrency being offered as collateral. So while fiat-collateralised coins are backed on a 1:1 ratio by fiat deposits, crypto-backed stablecoin issuers hold crypto deposits of a ratio higher than 1:1. For example, you may need to deposit $500 worth of Ether (ETH) to access $250 worth of a stablecoin.
Because crypto-backed coins can be managed on-chain, there’s no need to worry about entrusting your deposit to a third party. However, the biggest concern is the volatility of the underlying collateral, so the coin issuer must hold a substantial amount of collateral to protect against significant price drops.
Pros and cons of crypto-collateralised stablecoins
Pros
You don’t have to entrust custody of your collateral to a third party – instead, collateral is locked up in a smart contract on the blockchain
Conducted on-chain, which ensures transparency and removes the need for third-party auditing that fiat-backed coins have
Cons
Requires extra collateral to be secure against cryptocurrency volatility
Risk of the asset collateralising the stablecoin experiencing a significant decline in value
If backed by a basket of cryptocurrencies, selecting the right currencies to ensure price stability can be difficult
Seigniorage or algorithmic stablecoins
Seigniorage stablecoins are controlled by an algorithm designed to match supply with demand in order to achieve price stability. Using smart contracts, supply is increased when the coin’s price goes up and decreased when it goes down, thereby maintaining the stablecoin’s price at a steady level.
For example, if the price of the stablecoin is trading at above $1 per unit, the algorithm issues additional units to increase overall supply until the price returns to $1. The profits collected in this process are known as seigniorage.
If the price falls below the $1 mark, the algorithm is designed to use seigniorage to buy up some of the coins, thereby decreasing supply and pushing the price back up to $1. If the price is still below $1 and there are no more profits left to buy more of the coin’s supply, seigniorage shares are issued. These are basically bonds that raise funds for the coin issuer and promise future seigniorage profits to buyers.
While they still exist, the collapse of Terra Luna, arguably the leading seignorage-based stablecoin project, in 2022 proved extremely damaging to the reputation of this type of stablecoin.
Pros and cons of seigniorage shares
Pros
No collateral required
Theoretically protected against the volatility of other cryptocurrencies (however, a wider market downturn could lead to decreased demand for seigniorage shares)
Cons
More complicated than other structures
Relies on future growth in demand for the stablecoin in order to be successful – if there is no seigniorage left and seigniorage shares can’t be sold to raise funds, the price of the stablecoin could plummet
Largely unproven (and high-profile failures like Terra Luna)
Wait, I need a diagram!
We don’t blame you. Here’s a good one: –
A taxonomy of the main stablecoin types The State of Stablecoins, Blockchain.com
Why are stablecoins important?
While Satoshi Nakamoto’s vision for Bitcoin was as a form of electronic cash, the world’s biggest cryptocurrency is rarely used as a medium of exchange on a day-to-day basis. Rather, its volatility and high fees mean that Bitcoin is impractical for everyday transactions, and is instead used more as a store of value.
The same can be said for most other digital currencies. Because prices fluctuate significantly from one day to the next, holding and using crypto in the same way you do pound sterling (getting paid a salary, paying for food, buying a coffee etc) simply isn’t viable. Think about it – why would a business accept Bitcoin as payment when 1 BTC might be worth $10,000 today, but tomorrow its value could have dropped to $9,000?
And this is, in theory at least, where stablecoins offer a key advantage. Not only do they offer all the benefits of cryptocurrency, including cryptographic security and the ability to transfer value digitally, but they’re designed to have the low volatility for which fiat currency is famous. The end result is a digital currency that can theoretically be used as a daily medium of exchange in the real world.
Stablecoin uses
What can stablecoins be used for? A price-stable cryptocurrency could potentially have a wide range of purposes, including:
Medium of exchange. A successful stablecoin could be used as a medium of exchange for everyday spending in the same way we currently use pound sterling.
Protection against market volatility. When the crypto market is experiencing a downturn, shifting your money out of traditional digital currencies and into a stablecoin can help hedge against market volatility. This can be particularly useful if you use a crypto exchange that doesn’t support fiat currency.
Financial products. Stablecoins could potentially form the basis for a new financial ecosystem, including everything from crypto-backed loans and global remittances to insurance, as they provide the long-term stability required for many financial functions.
Prediction markets. If you place a bet on the outcome of an event with a long timeframe, using a stablecoin allows you to minimise the impact of market volatility.
Global access to a stable currency. In countries where the local currency is plagued by hyperinflation, holding a decentralised stablecoin could allow people to protect their wealth.
Bottom line
There’s little doubt that a working, trusted stablecoin is a key stepping stone on cryptocurrency’s path to mainstream acceptance. However, this goal is still some way off.
There have been numerous examples of stablecoin projects that have simply failed to stand the test of time. Even Tether, the world’s largest (in terms of market cap) stablecoin and one that’s been around since 2015, has been plagued by accusations that it doesn’t have sufficient US dollar reserves to back up the amount of USDT in circulation.
In The State of Stablecoins, a report from wallet provider Blockchain released back in September 2018, the authors summed up the situation in the stablecoin market with words that ring true today, by saying:
“While there is a great deal of excitement surrounding stablecoins, the technology is still nascent and it is highly unlikely that the perfect stablecoin design exists at present; further experimentation (and innovation) is expected.”
While some stablecoins have been able to demonstrate short-term stability, only time will tell whether they’ve got the goods to provide long-term reliability. Until that happens, don’t assume that any cryptocurrency will be able to provide the same stability as good old-fashioned fiat currency. And if you’re thinking of putting any of your hard-earned cash into a stablecoin project, make sure you thoroughly research it first.
Frequently asked questions
This depends on the coin you want to buy. While well-known stablecoins like Tether and Dai are listed on a wide range of cryptocurrency exchanges, many other coins are less widely available. Do your research to find out where you can buy your chosen currency.
You can find step-by-step instructions on this in our guide to how to buy USDT.
No, bitcoin is not a stablecoin. While bitcoin is known for its volatility, a stablecoin provides greater price stability by being pegged to another low-risk asset, such as gold or fiat currency.
Tether (USDT) is the most widely used stablecoin and ranks among the top cryptocurrencies by market capitalization at the time of writing. A popular alternative is the USD Coin (USDC), which is pegged to the US dollar.
USD, as in referring to the US dollar, is not a stablecoin. It’s the official fiat currency of the United States. However, the USD Coin (USDC) is a stablecoin that is pegged to the US dollar and issued by Circle.
A stablecoin offers a lower-risk way of investing in the crypto market. Because stablecoins are designed to maintain a steady value, they allow investors to focus on long-term growth rather than the constant fluctuations of most cryptocurrencies.
Stablecoins have a number of potential advantages over fiat currency. They can be transferred around the world quickly and without the need for a bank or other middleman and can be easily traded for other cryptocurrencies or used in decentralised finance (DeFi) applications.
*Cryptocurrencies aren't regulated in the UK and there's no protection from the Financial Ombudsman or the Financial Services Compensation Scheme. Your capital is at risk. Capital gains tax on profits may apply.
Cryptocurrencies are speculative and investing in them involves significant risks - they're highly volatile, vulnerable to hacking and sensitive to secondary activity. The value of investments can fall as well as rise and you may get back less than you invested. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. This content shouldn't be interpreted as a recommendation to invest. Before you invest, you should get advice and decide whether the potential return outweighs the risks. Finder, or the author, may have holdings in the cryptocurrencies discussed.
Werner Vermaak was a technical writer and blockchain consultant with an extensive 20-year marketing resume across Taiwan, the UK and South Africa. He came across Bitcoin and cryptocurrency in Taiwan during mid-2017 and has worked with several companies and projects in the areas of crypto security, regulations, custody and new fields such as DeFi, NFTs and Web 3.0 since. Werner has a business degree from Stellenbosch University and postgraduate qualifications in strategic marketing from the AAA School of Advertising. Werner enjoys geeking out on new technology and pondering the mass adoption of digital assets.
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