Why it pays to be a patient investor

Investing is fundamentally about the long term. You typically need to leave your money to grow for several years to achieve a decent return. Think of it like nurturing a tree; you don’t plant a tree then dig it up every few days to check it’s growing (if you do, that could explain why your tree isn’t growing!).

Our experts have compiled three ways to help your investments flourish, including how to check whether you’re overtrading, and how to spot dodgy share tips.

Strategy 1:

Drip-feed regularly: Pound-cost averaging

One way to develop healthy investing habits is to make regular contributions to your investment pot over a period of time, instead of investing a large lump sum. This is called “pound-cost averaging” (or “dollar-cost averaging” in the US).

It’s a way of investing without trying to time the market. So in a volatile market, you might buy at higher prices while the market’s doing well – but you’ll also get the chance to buy at lower prices when it’s not doing well.

How does drip-feeding help?

The year 2020 is a perfect example of a volatile year. We’ll use the FTSE 100 for demonstration purposes.

Our first investor, Harry, doesn’t have a clue what a year we’re about to have and invests £12,000 in the FTSE 100 on the first Monday of the year: January 6.

Over the year Harry’s £12,000 is reduced to just £10,217.06 as the total change over the year is -14.86%.

Our second investor, Harriet, chooses to go with pound-cost averaging and decides to invest £1,000 on the first Monday of each month in the FTSE 100.

That first £1,000 loses 14.86% over the year, like Harry’s £12,000, and the second one doesn’t do well either. But as the stock market crashes in March 2020, Harriet gets the stocks at a lower price, grabbing more investments for her £1,000. The April and May investments gain 10% and 8.84% respectively over the year.

In total, Harriet’s £12,000 is now worth £12,262, gaining her 2.18% over the year. Not bad for a year where the FTSE100 lost almost 15% in value.

How much should I invest every month?

This is where it pays to have a plan. First, everyone needs an emergency fund: enough money to cover around three to six months of outgoings, in an easy access savings account, just in case. Assuming you have that and you’re not paying off any debt (except a student loan and a mortgage), the next step is to work out how much you can afford to put aside each month. This can either be a percentage of your earnings or a set amount; £200 a month tends to be an affordable amount and is a great place to start.

Try not to commit to putting aside large sums of money that may leave you living paycheque to paycheque, as you’ll want to keep this money invested for several years. You can always invest more if you don’t feel that you’re putting enough aside.

You’ll need to factor in charges as well. Trading platforms typically charge you for each individual trade, so if you have a lump sum to invest and want to spread it over several months, you’ll want to ensure that you’re not spreading it so thinly that your fees outweigh your chance of making a profit.

Going back to our 2020 example, and assuming that both Harry and Harriet are paying £6 for each trade, Harry pays £6 for his initial investment and nothing after that, while Harriet pays £72 over the year. That’s excluding any platform fees, which many platforms charge.

If the platform fee is 0.45%, Harry would pay £54 for the year (0.45% of £12,000). But as Harriet’s full £12,000 isn’t invested for the full year, she would only pay around £30 in platform fees.

That means that while Harry’s £12,000 would be worth £10,157 at the end of the year after losses and fees, Harriet’s £12,000 would be worth £12,160.

• Harry and Harriet's investments - FTSE 100
• FTSE 100 5 year chart

How long before I could expect to see this work?

You’re unlikely to see results overnight, which is why it’s a good idea to leave your money invested for a long period. Our example above uses a year, but it’s only a demonstration – it’s worth giving yourself more than five years to see results.

If you have a large lump sum that you want to drip-feed into investments to achieve pound-cost averaging then you can do it over a year then leave it to grow for another four years.

Strategy 2:

Allow time for growth: How to tell if you’re overtrading

It’s entirely possible to get addicted to buying and selling shares. During the pandemic, and lockdowns in particular, many people have had more time – and more savings – and that’s increased the temptation to stare at a phone screen all day checking stock prices.

Less than 1% of day traders make money, according to a widely cited 2010 study from the University of California, Berkeley

Overtrading is when you ignore your investing strategy and just buy and sell on a whim to try to beat the market. If you think you may be overtrading, here’s what to consider:

1. Psychology is against you. If you lose a lot of money, you might feel like you need to work harder to make it back. Similarly, if you make a lot of money, you might think you’re doing well and get carried away – it can happen to anyone.
2. You’re at the mercy of your gut. If you’re not trading in line with your investment strategy and you act on strong feelings instead of a solid plan, you risk making major losses.
3. Worse, you could make large gains – which could start a vicious cycle. Remember, you’d have to be right twice. Timing the market is hard. And if you’re trying to buy and sell at the right time, you’re doubling the chances of trading at the wrong time.

The costs of overtrading

One of the key disadvantages of overtrading is the fees you rack up. If you’re paying for individual trades then your fees could severely outweigh any profits you make. Some day traders trade 5 to 10 times per day, which could easily hit £60 or more in fees, especially when you consider currency exchange for international trades as well as the commission per trade.

When you pay a fee to invest in a company, the stock needs to rise by at least the fee value in order for you to make a profit. This is where free trading apps might be a good choice, but there’s typically still a currency conversion fee, which in some cases works out more than the commission.

Strategy 3:

Take your growth tips from experts

Social media excels at providing the inside track on Bernie Sanders’ mittens and showing a kitten addressing a judge, but it’s less useful than it seems at providing hot stock picks.

TikTok tips: Nonsense squared

Many of those handing out investment advice on Facebook, Twitter and, in particular, TikTok have little experience of investing, little knowledge of how it works and, in most cases, no financial advice qualifications.

It’s not hard to post a screenshot of a gain while the market is rising – but that doesn’t mean the success is repeatable or anything more than luck.

On these platforms, you’ll often see people making promises like “Make £10K overnight with no effort”. They’re usually talking about gains over a small period of time in which they’ve invested a huge sum of money, which is more gambling than investing. They’ll typically suggest risky investments without highlighting the risks, and of course they’ll have no idea about your own circumstances.

Hot stocks you just missed

“Hot stocks” are those which are surging or trending online – Elon Musk has tweeted about them or they’re on “Today’s top stocks” on your investment platform’s website. The GameStop frenzy which began in January 2021 is an example (see below).

If you’re tempted to jump on board, consider how long the stock has already been rising before you do – has the peak passed? Could it be about to pass? If the aim of investing is generally to buy low and sell high, you might catch it when it’s still on its way up, and make a profit, but there’s also a chance you’re too late.

The GameStop frenzy

GameStop was a hot stock everyone was talking about, including Elon Musk. On 8 January, 2021, you could buy a share for just $17.69 (£12.82). Around this time, users in Reddit’s WallStreetBets forum were discussing creating a “short squeeze” on the stock. A short squeeze is when people shorting a stock are “squeezed” out of their positions because of a rapid rise in the value of a stock. Anyone who already owned GameStop stocks at this point or bought in here stood to make a decent profit, if they were paying attention and sold at the right time.

Jump forward to 26 January: the stock opened at $88 (£63.80), reached highs of $150 (£108.75) and closed at $147.98 (£107.28). If you’d jumped on the bandwagon when it was $88, then on that day alone you could’ve seen gains of $62 (£44.95), but those who invested on 8 January would have seen gains of $132.31 (£95.92) before fees.

Musk didn’t tweet until 21:08 GMT – more than an hour after the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) had closed for the day. This is when GameStop was trending on Twitter. It was at this point that “TikTok investors” started calling it a “hot stock”.

On 27 January, the stock opened at $354 (£256.64), reached highs of $380 (£275.49) and closed at $347.51 (£251.94). The stock didn’t move much during this time, so anyone who decided to buy because they’d seen Musk’s tweet would have missed the major gain.

• GameStop frenzy
• GameStop 5 year chart

What is financial advice?

A working group set up by the Treasury and the UK’s financial watchdog, the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA), set out a definition of “advice”:

• Advice will recommend a specific product or course of action for you to take given your circumstances and financial goals. This will be personal to you, based on information you provide.
• Advice will be provided by a qualified and regulated individual or online by a regulated organisation.
• Providers of advice are responsible and liable for the accuracy, quality and suitability of the recommendation that they make and you are protected by law.
• You will usually pay a fee for advice. Fees will be disclosed before you are asked to commit yourself.
• Advice will recommend what you should do.

How to get good advice when you need it

If you’ve got money to invest and you want trustworthy advice about what to do with it, you can talk to a financial adviser. Some advisers specialise in specific areas, such as pensions or mortgages. The FCA has a register of financial advisers which can help you check your adviser is authorised.

Bottom line

Investing for the long term can be hugely beneficial – not just for nurturing your pot, but for protecting your nerves. Saving regularly into investments over a long period can be a calmer approach that allows you to use pound-cost averaging to help ride out volatility.

Frequently asked questions

• Does pound-cost averaging work?

  It doesn’t always work. Pound-cost averaging tends to work well in volatile markets, as you can see from our demonstration of 2020 with Harry and Harriet. As always with investing, you’re still taking risks and there’s always the chance that the value of your investments will fall.

• What is reverse-pound cost averaging?

  Reverse pound-cost averaging is a way to exit your position – instead of buying the stocks, you’re selling them regularly. Of course, you haven’t made a profit until you’ve sold the stocks and the money is in your account. You could either choose to sell as a lump sum or choose to sell small amounts over several months with the hope that you’ll sell more at a higher price than you do at a lower price.

All investing should be regarded as longer term. The value of your investments can go up and down, and you may get back less than you invest. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. If you’re not sure which investments are right for you, please seek out a financial adviser. Capital at risk.