If you live in a state like Louisiana, Maryland or Nebraska, it’s illegal to leave your child unattended in a car for even a minute. But safety laws involving vehicles and kids vary widely in the rest of the country.
There’s no federal law covering when and how long it’s OK to leave your kids in the car without you, although some states have enforced laws regarding leaving your children in the car.
Only 21 US states have passed laws that specifically address kids in unattended vehicles, with another 26 states enforcing less specific “hot car” laws. Some states allow for a grace period of five minutes, and most only apply to children under six years old. A few states allow for a provision if you have a child older than 12-14 who can supervise a younger child.
| State | Hot car law | Child age | Limit (minutes) | Details | Good Samaritan law |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alabama | Yes | 0-8 | No limit | Not allowed unless the vehicle has an ambient interior temperature of 99 degrees Fahrenheit or less | Yes |
| Alaska | No | – | – | – | No |
| Arizona | No | – | – | – | No |
| Arkansas | No | – | – | – | No |
| California | Yes | 0-6 | No limit | Not allowed unless supervised by someone 12+ years old | No |
| Colorado | No | – | – | – | No |
| Connecticut | Yes | 0-11 | No limit | Not allowed if it endangers the child | No |
| Delaware | No | – | – | – | No |
| Florida | Yes | 0-5 | 0 (car is off or child is in danger) 15 (car is on) | Not allowed if the car is on or the child is in danger | No |
| Georgia | No | – | – | – | No |
| Hawaii | Yes | 0-8 | 5.0 | Not allowed for +5 minutes | No |
| Idaho | No | – | – | – | No |
| Illinois | Yes | 0-5 | 10.0 | Not allowed for +10 minutes unless supervised by someone 14+ years old | No |
| Indiana | No | – | – | – | No |
| Iowa | No | – | – | – | No |
| Kansas | No | – | – | – | No |
| Kentucky | Yes | 0-7 | No limit | Allowed but it’s felony manslaughter if the child dies | No |
| Louisiana | Yes | 0-5 | 10.0 | Not allowed for +10 minutes | No |
| Maine | No | – | – | – | No |
| Maryland | Yes | 0-7 | 0.0 | Not allowed in a locked car unless supervised by someone 13+ years old | No |
| Massachusetts | No | – | – | – | No |
| Michigan | Yes | Any | 0.0 | Not allowed if it endangers the child | No |
| Minnesota | No | – | – | – | No |
| Mississippi | No | – | – | – | No |
| Missouri | Yes | Any | No limit | Allowed but you’re liable for any damages or injuries | No |
| Montana | No | – | – | – | No |
| Nebraska | Yes | 0-6 | 0 | Not allowed | No |
| Nevada | Yes | 0-7 | 0 | Not allowed if car is on or there’s a significant risk | No |
| New Hampshire | No | – | – | – | No |
| New Jersey | No | – | – | – | No |
| New Mexico | No | – | – | – | No |
| New York | No | – | – | – | No |
| North Carolina | No | – | – | – | No |
| North Dakota | No | – | – | – | No |
| Ohio | No | – | – | – | No |
| Oklahoma | Yes | 0-6 | 0 | Not allowed if car is on or there’s a significant risk | No |
| Oregon | No | – | – | – | No |
| Pennsylvania | Yes | 0-5 | 0 | Not allowed if it endangers the child | No |
| Rhode Island | Yes | 0-11 | 0 | Not allowed if it endangers the child | No |
| South Carolina | No | – | – | – | No |
| South Dakota | No | – | – | – | No |
| Tennessee | Yes | Any | 0 | Not allowed if car is on | No |
| Texas | Yes | 0-6 | 5 | Not allowed for +5 minutes | No |
| Utah | Yes | 0-8 | 0 | Allowed unless the child suffers heat stroke, hypothermia or dehydration | No |
| Vermont | No | – | – | – | No |
| Virginia | No | – | – | – | No |
| Washington | Yes | 0-15 | 0 | Not allowed if car is on or if driver is at a bar or tavern | No |
| West Virginia | No | – | – | – | No |
| Wisconsin | Yes | 0 | Only applies to child care providers | No | |
| Wyoming | No | – | – | – | No |
Not every state has a law on the books about whether it’s illegal to leave children in the car. But that doesn’t mean people haven’t faced criminal charges for leaving a child in the car.
Even if your state doesn’t have a specific law outlining how long a kid can be left alone in a locked car, a court may apply general abuse and neglect laws. Cases in Arkansas and Georgia, states with no hot car laws, have convicted parents of negligent homicide due to accidental hot car deaths.
An average of 38 children die each year in hot cars, according to noheatstroke.org. And the state with the most deaths? Texas, which isn’t surprising considering its record high summer temperatures over 113 degrees.
| State | Pediatric Vehicular Heatstroke (PVH) deaths |
|---|---|
| Alabama | 28 |
| Alaska | 0 |
| Arizona | 42 |
| Arkansas | 18 |
| California | 54 |
| Colorado | 7 |
| Connecticut | 5 |
| Delaware | 2 |
| District of Columbia | 1 |
| Florida | 96 |
| Georgia | 35 |
| Hawaii | 5 |
| Idaho | 7 |
| Illinois | 16 |
| Indiana | 15 |
| Iowa | 7 |
| Kansas | 12 |
| Kentucky | 23 |
| Louisiana | 32 |
| Maine | 2 |
| Maryland | 14 |
| Massachusetts | 4 |
| Michigan | 10 |
| Minnesota | 7 |
| Mississippi | 20 |
| Missouri | 26 |
| Montana | 3 |
| Nebraska | 3 |
| Nevada | 14 |
| New Hampshire | 0 |
| New Jersey | 14 |
| New Mexico | 11 |
| New York | 10 |
| North Carolina | 32 |
| North Dakota | 1 |
| Ohio | 20 |
| Oklahoma | 29 |
| Oregon | 4 |
| Pennsylvania | 11 |
| Rhode Island | 1 |
| South Carolina | 19 |
| South Dakota | 3 |
| Tennessee | 30 |
| Texas | 132 |
| Utah | 11 |
| Vermont | 0 |
| Virginia | 28 |
| Washington | 5 |
| West Virginia | 5 |
| Wisconsin | 8 |
| Wyoming | 1 |
Most of those deaths occur in July, which has the highest temperatures of any month. August is a close second, especially in states where August temps rival or beat July highs. That’s why it’s most important to make sure kids aren’t left alone in cars during the summer months.
| Month | Average yearly number of PVH deaths over the last 20 years (2001-2020) |
|---|---|
| Jan | 0.1 |
| Feb | 0.3 |
| Mar | 0.9 |
| Apr | 1.7 |
| May | 3.9 |
| Jun | 7.9 |
| Jul | 8.7 |
| Aug | 8.6 |
| Sep | 4.6 |
| Oct | 1.7 |
| Nov | 0.5 |
| Dec | 0.2 |
On a summer day, a car can heat up 20 degrees in 10 minutes. That means your car can go from 70 to 90 degrees in the time it takes to run into the pharmacy, and a car on a 95 degree day can heat up to 115.
| Time Elapsed | Car temperature over time on a 70° day | Car temperature over time on a 90° day |
|---|---|---|
| 0 min | 70 | 90 |
| 10 min | 89 | 109 |
| 20 min | 99 | 119 |
| 30 min | 104 | 124 |
| 40 min | 108 | 128 |
| 50 min | 111 | 131 |
| 60 min | 113 | 133 |
Good Samaritan laws are designed to encourage people to help their fellow citizens without worrying about the legal consequences of their actions.
In these 23 states, Good Samaritan laws protect you and other bystanders from the damage and liability that result from rescuing someone in distress — like a child in a hot car.
During hot weather, keeping cool is the name of the game. Use these tips to check on your kids during sunny car rides to make sure they’re safe.
New car technology is constantly improving. Nissan has released a feature called Rear Door Alert in several popular car models. When you turn on this feature, the car detects when you’ve opened a rear door to get in the car. Drivers will see a dashboard alert if the rear door isn’t reopened upon arrival.
Your child’s car seat also could remind you about the precious cargo in the backseat. Evenflow and Cybex car seats offer SensorSafe chest clips that attach to the car’s seatbelts. If the clip’s still attached when you turn your car off, an alert will sound. This sensor pairs with an app, so you can check your car’s backseat from anywhere.
Laws for pets in cars vs. kids in carsOnly a few states make it illegal to leave a pet in a hot car. And if you live in a state where it is illegal, the punishment for leaving your pet in the car is usually minor.
For example, in Alabama, a child at or under age 8 can’t stay in the car if the car’s temperature is 99 degrees or higher. But Alabama doesn’t have official laws about keeping your pet in the car. Keep in mind that laws vary by state, and some like New Jersey keep higher penalties for leaving pets in cars.
You may live in a state that isn’t firm about leaving children in cars while you shop or run errands. But no matter what state you’re in, child abuse or neglect laws could come into play, and a little convenience while picking up milk or dry cleaning may not be worth risking a child’s health or potential legal action.
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