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Student loan deferment and forbearance explained
How and when to put your student loans on hold.
Even when the job market is strong, student debt loads are high enough to make it difficult for many people to afford repayments. Because of this, most student loans come with a break: deferment or forbearance. If you’re facing financial troubles or a tough personal situation, consider your options to help relieve some student loan stress.
How do student loan deferment and forbearance work?
Deferment and forbearance allow you to postpone your student loan payments for a few months to a few years. Both are available for federal loans and some private student loans.
Interest capitalization
In most cases, interest will continue to add up while you’re in deferment or forbearance. After it’s over, your lender will add the total amount of interest that’s accrued during that time to your principal. This is called interest capitalization, and it can make your loan more expensive because of the larger principal.
Your monthly repayments won’t necessarily go up, however — especially if you have federal loans. With many type of loans, you can revise your repayment plan to extend your loan term while you’re in forbearance or deferment.
There are a few exceptions. Federal Perkins Loans never undergo interest capitalization. You also might not gain interest at all during deferment if you’re on active military duty or you have a federal subsidized loan.
How interest capitalization increases the cost of your loans
Qualifying for deferment or forbearance
With some types of deferment or forbearance, you need to prove you’re in a situation where you can’t afford your payments — things like losing a job, going back to school or large amounts of medical debt might qualify you. Others allow you to qualify without giving a reason as long as you’ve made a certain number of payments on time.
Deferment in depth
Student loan deferment is when you put your loan repayments on hold, including interest. It’s typically only an option with federal student loans, though many private lenders offer deferment while you’re still in school and in extreme situations, like deployment to a war zone.
You don’t typically have to request deferment while you’re still in school and during your six-month grace period after you drop below half time. After that, you’ll have to reach out to your lender or loan servicer to request deferment.
Private loans
Deferment options for private student loans vary. Often lenders have the option to defer repayments until six months after you graduate or drop below half-time. You can also typically defer repayments while you’re on active duty. In some rate cases, you can also defer your loan for around three months at a time after you’ve made on-time repayments, though forbearance is more common. It also usually comes with a maximum amount of time you can defer your loans, typically between 12 and 36 months.
Federal loans
Federal student loans come with multiple deferment options. Generally, interest continues to add up with a few exceptions: If you have a federal subsidized or Perkins Loan or during active military duty .
Types of federal student loan deferment
| Option | Eligibility | How long it lasts |
|---|---|---|
| In-school deferment |
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| Graduate fellowship deferment |
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| Rehabilitation training program deferment |
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| Unemployment deferment | Either:
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| Economic hardship deferment | The main requirements are you must work full time and meet the poverty requirements provided in the application. You’ll have to attach additional documentation if you:
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| Military service and post-active duty student deferment | You must either be:
The active duty must involve either a:
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| Parent PLUS borrower deferment | Generally, parents must have a Direct or PLUS Loan in their name disbursed after June 30, 2008 and students must either be enrolled more than half time within the past six months | Six months after the student drops below half-time |
Forbearance in depth
Student loan forbearance is another option to pause repayments that is generally more widely available than deferment. Like with deferment you have the option to pay interest that adds up during the forbearance period or after you start repayments. How it works can vary between private and federal loans.
Private loans
With private student loans, you can usually qualify for a total of between 12 and 36 months of forbearance in one- to three-month increments, depending on your lender. Like with deferment, you might have to prove financial or personal hardship and make at least one or two years of on-time repayments to qualify. To apply, reach out to your lender or loan servicer to ask about the application process. Usually, it involves a one- or two-page form that takes a few minutes to complete.
Federal loans
With federal student loans, forbearance is a bit more complicated. That’s mainly because there are two different types of forbearance: mandatory and general forbearance.
Mandatory forbearance
Mandatory forbearance doesn’t mean that you’re automatically enrolled in forbearance if you qualify: You still have to apply. The difference is that your servicer is required to grant your request. You can qualify for mandatory forbearance if you’re:
- In a medical or dental residency program
- Have payments worth more than 20% of your monthly income
- Are serving in AmeriCorps and received a national service award
- On track for teacher loan forgiveness
- A member of the National Guard on active duty ordered by the governor
- Qualify for partial repayment under the US Department of Defense Student Loan Repayment Program
You can only get up to 12 months of mandatory forbearance at a time. If you still need forbearance after that time, you can apply for more.
General forbearance
With general forbearance, you aren’t guaranteed to qualify. Requirements might vary by servicer, but typically you can apply for general forbearance when you’re:
- Experiencing financial difficulty
- Paying off medical bills
- Switching jobs
You can qualify for forbearance up to 12 months at a time if you have a Direct, FFEL or Perkins Loan. With Perkins Loans, you’re limited to a total of 36 months. Other loans might have limits set by the loan servicer for how much time you can request.
Will pausing student loan repayments hurt my credit?
No. In fact, it can preemptively help your credit by helping you avoid missing repayments. Your payment history makes up the largest percentage of your FICO credit score — the most commonly used credit scoring system — so missing repayments can cause that number to seriously drop.
There is one case where deferment or forbearance might hurt your credit score: When your financial need lasts longer than you’re able to pause repayments. Not only will you have to start making repayments before you can afford them, you’ll be on the hook for more money than you would have been, thanks to interest capitalization. If you don’t qualify for a modified repayment plan after pausing your loan — as is the case with most private loans — you’ll make higher monthly repayments and be at risk of default.
Should I pause my student loan repayments?
It might be a good idea if…
- You’re facing a temporary financial setback
- You’re going back to school
- You’ve been injured
- You’re going on active military duty
- You’re eligible for federal forgiveness programs
It might not be a good idea if…
- There’s no foreseeable end to your financial situation
- You want to pay off your loans as fast as possible
- You want to keep the cost of your loan down as much as possible
3 questions to ask yourself before you apply
Before applying for deferment or forbearance, ask yourself a few questions to make sure it’s the right move for you:
- How long will I need to put my loans on hold?
Estimate how much time you’ll need to get your finances back together. That way, you’ll have an idea of how much time to ask for. If you need more time than your lender offers, you might want to consider looking into some alternatives. - Do I qualify for the options my lender offers?
Federal and private loans come with different requirements for requesting deferment or forbearance. With most private lenders, you’ll typically need to make between one and three years of on-time repayments before you can apply. Some also require proof of hardship. - Can I just cut back on spending?
Sometimes holding off on your loans feels like the easiest way to deal with a small financial crisis with minimal changes to your spending habits. But if it’s an option, you might want to consider sticking to a tighter budget to avoid making your loan more expensive. This is especially true if your deferment option doesn’t lengthen your term — a larger balance means higher repayments.
How to choose between student loan deferment and forbearance
How to request deferment or forbearance
Requesting deferment or forbearance depends on your servicer or lender. Generally, you need to:
- Reach out to your servicer or provider and ask about the options you’re eligible for.
- Fill out a short application.
- Submit your application.
However, there are some more steps you’ll need to take to fill out a deferment request form. Consider each type carefully to determine which best applies to your situation.
If you’re applying for forbearance on a federal loan, you might want to talk to your servicer about reworking your repayment plan to make sure your monthly repayments don’t increase after your interest is capitalized. This can involve extending your loan term, signing up for a new type of repayment plan or both.
Alternatives to consider
If you decided that forbearance or deferment aren’t the right steps for you to take with your student loans, here are a few other alternatives to consider:
Income-based repayment plan
If you can’t see an end to your financial situation in the next few months or years, you might want to switch to an income-based repayment plan.
With federal loans, you can do this by reaching out to your loan servicer. With private loans, first reach out to your lender and explain your situation. If it’s really not an option, you might have to refinance your student loan with a lender that offers that option.
Graduated repayment plan
If you think your salary will improve over time, you might want to sign up for a graduated repayment plan instead of applying for forbearance or deferment. These start with low payments that increase every two years, regardless of your income. They’re available for federal loans and some private lenders offer similar options.
Refinance or consolidate
Take out a new loan with more favorable terms and repayment options to pay off your current student debt. This is typically a better option for private loans: You stand to lose several benefits that only federal loans offer and might not be able to find better terms than what you already have.
5 options if you can’t afford your student loan repayments
Top refinancing providers to compare
Updated January 22nd, 2020
Bottom line
Deferment and forbearance are like bandaids: They’re temporary fixes for temporary problems. If you’re unable to make your student loan repayments for a short period of time, these options can be a lifesaver, helping you avoid missing payments or even going into default.
But don’t use these bandaids for a bullet wound. Deferment and forbearance aren’t going to help you if you’re experiencing long-term problems. Applying for forbearance or deferment will also make it take longer for you to pay off your student loans and increase how much you pay in interest.
Want to learn more about student loans? Read our student loans guide to find out how they work and compare lenders.
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