An exchange-traded fund (ETF) is a basket of funds and an investment product that helps investors decrease costs while amplifying the diversification of holdings. Like the stock market, an investor can choose to go long with ETF investments — buy and hold while waiting for the value of the pooled funds to increase — or short the market using ETFs.
For instance, if an investor believes the S&P 500 will drop during the next month, they could invest in an inverse ETF that would rise in value should the S&P 500 go down.
This makes inverse ETFs ideal for investors who want to profit during market downturns. However, to maximize investment returns, you must first appreciate how an inverse ETF in Canada works before learning the best strategies and tactics for shorting the market using ETFs.
What is an inverse ETF in Canada?
Inverse ETFs are exchange-traded funds (ETFs) built with derivatives such as futures contracts. These ETFs aim to generate a daily performance that moves in the opposite direction of a particular index, for example, the S&P 500. You can buy and sell shares in an inverse ETF through a brokerage account using the same process as buying a traditional ETF.
There are two main types of inverse ETFs in Canada:
One-to-one ETFs. These inverse ETFs are designed to move in the opposite direction of a particular index daily. So if the S&P 500 goes down 3% today, an inverse ETF betting against it would go up 3%.
Leveraged ETFs. These inverse ETFs are designed to produce daily returns that multiply the performance of a given index in the opposite direction. Leveraged ETFs typically have a multiplying factor such as three times (3X) in their names. If the S&P 500 goes down 3%, a leveraged 3X ETF betting against it would go up 9% (3 x 3).
Inverse ETFs are also called short ETFs or bear ETFs.
Why invest in inverse ETFs?
Why buy an inverse ETF? There are several reasons why you should consider investing in inverse ETFs.
Profit in a falling market
The key benefit of inverse ETFs is that they allow you to make money when the market goes down. This makes them a useful hedge against market downturns, allowing you to counteract your losses from other investments when stock prices fall.
Easier than shorting
Inverse ETFs allow you to bet against the market like you would when short-selling stocks. But unlike with shorting a stock, you don’t need to borrow any shares.
Shorting stocks is an advanced and risky trading strategy that involves borrowing shares from a broker and selling the stocks immediately. The rationale here is that if the stock price falls sharply as you predict, you can buy them back at much cheaper prices and return them to your broker while keeping the difference.
But when you invest in an inverse ETF, you invest with your own money.
Can be held in registered accounts
Inverse ETFs can also be held in registered accounts, such as a TFSA or RRSP. This allows you to make the most of tax advantages that apply to your investment income.
There are inverse ETFs for a wide range of assets and markets
You can invest in inverse ETFs across an extensive range of assets and market sectors, not just the S&P 500. It’s easy to access inverse ETFs for a host of major stock market indices as well as bonds, commodities and cryptocurrencies.
Risks of inverse ETFs
While they have their advantages, there are also several risks you should consider before investing in inverse ETFs.
The market could move against you
There’s no guarantee that the market will move the way you predict. So if you invest in an S&P 500 inverse ETF and the S&P 500 goes up, you’ll suffer a loss.
They’re only designed for short-term use
Inverse ETFs are rebalanced daily. This means they’re designed for short-term use only, and holding an inverse ETF for longer than one day could cause you to suffer a loss. As a result, they’re better suited to active and experienced traders, and they usually aren’t suitable for casual investors who take a long-term, hands-off approach to investing.
Brokerage fees
Inverse ETFs are designed to be bought and sold much more often than regular ETFs. You’ll need to pay brokerage fees when you place a buy or sell order, so make sure you factor this additional cost into your calculations.
High management fees
Inverse ETFs have higher management fees than regular ETFs because they’re actively managed and rebalanced daily. For example, while some index ETFs track Canadian stocks and have management expense ratios of less than 0.1%, it’s common for inverse ETFs to have management fees of 1% or more.
Leveraged inverse ETFs can amplify your losses
Your losses can be even greater if you invest in leveraged ETFs because these are designed to magnify the daily performance of a given index. That means investors can expect higher rewards but also bigger losses.
How to choose the best inverse ETFs in Canada
Consider the following factors when comparing inverse ETFs:
Underlying index or asset. Look for an ETF that offers exposure to the index or asset class you want to trade. You should have a strong knowledge of a particular index or asset and the time to analyze it daily before investing in a bear ETF that aims to profit from its decline.
Fees. Expect management expense ratios of 1% or more. Compare fees across funds to find the best value.
Leverage. Work out how much risk you’re willing to accept and whether you want a 1:1 inverse ETF or a leveraged inverse ETF. Double and triple inverse ETFs are available, providing the potential for greater returns but also greater losses.
Past performance. Check back on the fund’s past performance. Has it consistently performed in line with its stated objective?
Trading volume and assets. Take a look at the daily trading volume of the inverse ETF to work out how quickly and easily you’ll be able to sell it when needed. Also, check the ETF’s assets under management to find out if it’s a popular choice with other investors.
Don’t buy and hold. Inverse ETFs are for short-term intraday trading, not for long-term buy-and-hold investing. Make sure you monitor market movements carefully and have a clear exit strategy.
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10 inverse ETFs in Canada investors should consider
To invest using inverse ETFs you must first have a discount brokerage account. Then, it’s time to consider the options. To get started here are 10 of the best-known inverse ETFs in Canada.
ProShares UltraPro Short QQQ
Ticker: SQQQ
YTD return: -28.39%
Assets under management: $1.84 Billion
Expense ratio: 0.95%
This ETF is designed to move in the opposite direction of the Nasdaq-100 Index. It offers 3X daily short leverage on nonfinancial equities like US Treasury Bills, so this ETF is best for investors with a high risk tolerance who aren’t looking to hold onto stocks for the long run.
Designed to perform in the opposite direction of the S&P 500, this ETF can be useful during bear markets. Results are delivered over a single trading session, with exposure resetting every month. The ProShares Short S&P500 might be suitable for investors who want to bet against large-cap US equities and who don’t plan to hold their stocks in the long run.Buy on Interactive Brokers
ProShares Short QQQ
Ticker: PSQ
1-year return: -8.95%
Assets under management: $592.62 Million
Expense ratio: 0.95%
This ETF tracks the 100 largest nonfinancial securities on the Nasdaq. Results are delivered over a single trading session, with exposure resetting every month. The PSQ may be suitable for short-term investors who want to hedge against their Nasdaq investments or bet against top Nasdaq nonfinancial stocks.Buy on Interactive Brokers
ProShares UltraShort S&P 500
Ticker: SDS
1-year return: -24.46%
Assets under management: $587.52 Million
Expense ratio: 0.91%
This ETF is designed to move in the opposite direction of the S&P 500 Index. It offers 2X daily short leverage on large-cap US equities like US Treasury Bills. Leverage resets every day. This ETF is best for investors with a high risk tolerance who aren’t looking to hold onto stocks for the long run.Buy on Interactive Brokers
ProShares UltraPro Short S&P 500
Ticker: SPXU
1-year return: -35.14%
Assets under management: $468.58 Million
Expense ratio: 0.93%
This ETF is designed to move in the opposite direction of the S&P 500 Index. It offers 3X daily short leverage on large-cap equities. Leverage resets every day. This ETF is best for investors with a high risk tolerance who aren’t looking to hold onto stocks for the long run.Buy on Interactive Brokers
Direxion Daily S&P 500 Bear 3X Shares
Ticker: SPXS
1-year return: -35.06%
Assets under management: $388.06 Million
Expense ratio: 1.07%
This ETF is designed to generate performance opposite to the S&P 500, which contains some of the biggest blue-chip companies in America. Investors could use this ETF to hedge against existing S&P 500 investments or bet against large-cap, blue-chip companies in the US.Buy on Interactive Brokers
ProShares UltraPro Short Dow 30
Ticker: SDOW
1-year return: -36.43%
Assets under management: $356.66 Million
Expense ratio: 0.95%
This ETF is designed to move in the opposite direction of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. It offers 3X daily short leverage on large-cap US equities. Leverage resets every day. This ETF is best for investors with a high risk tolerance who aren’t looking to hold onto stocks for the long run.Buy on Interactive Brokers
Direxion Daily Small Cap Bear 3X Shares
Ticker: TZA
1-year return: -45.49%
Assets under management: $351.39 Million
Expense ratio: 1.07%
This ETF is designed to move in the opposite direction of the Russell 2000 Index. It offers 3X daily short leverage on small-cap equities. Leverage resets every day. This ETF is best for investors with a high risk tolerance who aren’t looking to hold onto stocks for the long run.Buy on Interactive Brokers
ProShares Short Russell 2000
Ticker: RWM
1-year return: -16.48%
Assets under management: $259.35 Million
Expense ratio: 0.95%
This ETF tracks an index of small-cap US equities that are also tracked by the Russell. Results are delivered over a single trading session, with exposure resetting every month. The RWM may be suitable for short-term investors who want to hedge against existing investments or bet against small-cap US stocks.Buy on Interactive Brokers
ProShares Short Dow 30
Ticker: DOG
1-year return: -13.60%
Assets under management: $232.26 Million
Expense ratio: 0.95%
This ETF aims to move in the opposite direction of an index that invests in American blue chip companies, particularly the Dow Jones Industrial Average. So it may produce strong returns when major American companies in that index experience losses in share price.
However, the index has in recent times been experiencing an overall gain and recently broke records. So, it may be best to monitor this ETF closely before jumping in.Buy on Interactive Brokers
Bottom line
Inverse ETFs can help you profit when the stock market falls or when a particular sector goes down. But inverse ETF investing is complicated, and the losses can be as big as the potential returns, so it’s not a suitable option for all investors. It’s also not suitable as a long-term strategy.
No. Inverse ETFs trade like stocks, so you can buy and sell individual units of an ETF. Some brokers also offer fractional share investing in ETFs, but it’s also worth keeping in mind that your broker may require a minimum deposit before you start investing.
Visit the ETF issuer’s website for details of inverse ETF management fees, which are often referred to as management expense ratios. Read the ETF Facts documents for this and other important fund information. Most brokerage platforms will also provide you with ETF fee information when you research an ETF before buying.
No. Most brokerages will allow you to invest in an inverse ETF.
It depends on your investment goals, timeframe and knowledge. If you’re an experienced investor looking for short-term strategies to hedge against market downturns, inverse ETFs are worth considering. But if you’re a novice investor adopting a long-term “buy and hold” approach, you’ll be better off considering regular ETFs.
Inverse ETFs are best suited to experienced investors with an in-depth knowledge of markets and trading strategies. If you’re new to investing, make sure you fully understand all the risks of inverse ETFs before deciding if they’re right for you.
SQQQ is the ticker code for the ProShares UltraPro Short QQQ. This inverse ETF aims to provide investment results that are three times the inverse of the Nasdaq 100 Index.
Important information: Powered by Finder.com. This information is general in nature and is no substitute for professional advice. It does not take into account your personal situation. This information should not be interpreted as an endorsement of futures, stocks, ETFs, CFDs, options or any specific provider, service or offering. It should not be relied upon as investment advice or construed as providing recommendations of any kind. Futures, stocks, ETFs and options trading involves substantial risk of loss and therefore are not appropriate for most investors. You do not own or have any interest in the underlying asset. Capital is at risk, including the risk of losing more than the amount originally put in, market volatility and liquidity risks. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. Tax on profits may apply. Consider the Product Disclosure Statement and Target Market Determination for the product on the provider's website. Consider your own circumstances, including whether you can afford to take the high risk of losing your money and possess the relevant experience and knowledge. We recommend that you obtain independent advice from a suitably licensed financial advisor before making any trades.
Tim Falk is a freelance writer for Finder. Over the course of his 15-year writing career, he has reported on a wide range of personal finance topics. Whether you're investing in stocks and ETFs, comparing savings accounts or choosing a credit card, Tim wants to make it easier for you to understand. When he’s not staring at his computer, you can usually find him exploring the great outdoors. See full bio
Stacie Hurst is an editor at Finder, specializing in loans, banking, investing and money transfers. She has a Bachelor of Arts in Psychology and Writing, and she has completed FP Canada Institute's Financial Management Course. Before working in the publishing industry, Stacie completed one year of law school in the United States. When not working, she can usually be found watching K-dramas or playing games with her friends and family. See full bio
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