Cryptocurrencies are complicated, confusing to new users and basically unregulated in Canada, all of which makes them an ideal subject for scammers. But with a little bit of know-how and common sense, you can protect yourself against cryptocurrency scams, including those involving Bitcoin.
This is not an endorsement of cryptocurrency or any specific provider, service or offering. It is not a recommendation to trade or use any services.
We’ve listed out some of the most common Bitcoin and other crypto scams it’s a good idea to have on your radar.
The first scam on the list is one that you may well be familiar with already, as it’s also been widely used to target customers from major banks.
Known as “phishing,” this type of scam occurs when you receive an unsolicited email that looks as if it’s from your bank—or, in this case, from your crypto exchange or wallet provider. This email contains a link that takes you to a site that looks almost identical to the exchange or wallet you usually use, but is actually a scam site.
Once you enter your account details on this unofficial page, the scammers have everything they need to log in to your real account and steal your funds.
In a similar vein to phishing scams, keep an eye out for fake Bitcoin exchanges. They might walk and talk like a reputable exchange, but they’re merely a front to separate consumers from their hard-earned cash.
Some will entice users with promotional offers that sound too good to be true. Others pressure users into creating an account and depositing funds, perhaps even offering “bonuses” to those who deposit larger amounts. But once they have your money these platforms might charge ridiculously high fees, make it very difficult to withdraw funds or simply steal your deposit altogether.
Other scammers have turned their attention to creating quite sophisticated fake wallet apps that, once downloaded to a user’s smartphone, can be used to steal critical account details. These apps have even made it into official, legitimate app stores like Google Play, so it pays to do your research before downloading anything to your phone.
In April 2024, Google sued two Chinese nationals in New York federal court, accusing them of misusing its Google Play app store to scam thousands of users out of their money through cryptocurrency investment apps. Google said the alleged fraudsters, Yunfeng Sun and Hongnam Cheung, engaged in a “social engineering” scheme to lure victims to their apps through text messages and What’s App.
An exchange with KYC is more secure because it is less susceptible to hacks, data breaches, fraud and criminal activities. It increases customer confidence and trust because it complies with anti-money laundering legislations and ensures market stability because it reduces the risk of scams.
Cryptos may be based on new technology, but there are still plenty of scammers using old tricks to con unwitting consumers.
The classic example of this is an unsolicited phone call or email from someone claiming to be with the IRS. This fictional tax man will try to convince you that you owe the IRS money and you’ll be facing legal action if you don’t transfer them a certain amount of Bitcoin as soon as possible.
The tried-and-tested “Nigerian prince” scam has also migrated into the world of cryptocurrency. So if you’re ever contacted out of the blue by someone overseas promising you a share in a large sum of digital currency if you help them transfer funds out of their own country, use your common sense and recognize it for the scam it is.
Seduced by the astronomical price rises Bitcoin has experienced since its inception, many everyday consumers venture into the world of cryptocurrency looking for the next big thing. After all, if “the next Bitcoin” ever actually arrives, getting in at the ground floor could see early-adopters earn a fortune.
And if you want to get in on the ground floor, the easiest option for the average person is to buy coins or tokens in an initial coin offerings. There’s a huge appetite for new digital currencies—in the first half of 2018 alone, ICOs raised a total of US$11.69 billion—and with many new buyers having limited knowledge of how the crypto industry works, it’s the perfect breeding ground for scammers.
In April 2024, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) obtained a final judgment against defendants Ryan Felton, FLiK and CoinSpark, whom the SEC had previously charged for their involvement in two fraudulent initial coin offerings (ICOs). The complaint alleged Felton misappropriated funds to purchase a home and a Ferrari instead of building the digital asset trading platform he was supposed to create.
This has led to the rise of fake ICOs which, with some slick marketing and a little bit of hype, can convince people to buy a cryptocurrency that doesn’t actually exist. For example, one report found that 78% of ICOs in 2017 were scams, while a separate report put that figure at above 80%.
Finally, if you’re dreaming of getting rich quick from a crypto ICO, be aware that for every ICO success story there are many, many more failures, even if the project isn’t a scam.
Similar to how scammers will sometimes pretend to represent the tax office in the hope of coercing victims out of money, they’ll also pretend to be hackers with some kind of incriminating evidence.
One common variation of this scam arrives in the form of an unsolicited email, where the sender claims to be a hacker who has accessed your PC. They will say they’ve found some kind of incriminating evidence, or taken over your webcam to capture footage of you doing something embarrassing or which you’d rather other people didn’t know about.
The emails promise to send the incriminating evidence to all of your email or social media contacts unless you send some Bitcoin to the blackmailer, and will typically include instructions on how to purchase Bitcoin and where to send it.
Naturally, it’s all a lie. The phony blackmailers don’t have any evidence and nothing will happen regardless of whether or not you make a payment. This scam is purely a numbers game, where the perpetrators hope that by sending out enough emails they’ll scare enough people into sending them some Bitcoin.
One type of scam that’s common to many large sites and social media platforms is a celebrity impersonation giveaway scam. Here, the scammers will impersonate a celebrity or other notable person and announce that they’re giving away a lot of cryptocurrency for free, as long as you send them some cryptocurrency first.
The scammers will often promise to send back double what you send them. Although especially prominent on Twitter, this scam has also appeared on platforms including YouTube, where scammers will impersonate a celebrity in a video or livestream.
This scam is all about quickly rushing victims into a bad decision by making them think they’re missing out. A typical giveaway scam always specifies a total amount of cryptocurrency, such as “5,000 ETH giveaway” and then uses an army of bots and fake accounts to make it look like people are actually receiving money.
After seeing all the apparently free money being given away, victims race to send money to the scammers before they have time to think it over.
On Twitter, the fake giveaway bots will often have a blue “verified” check mark, but this does not mean anything. The scammers obtain this by taking over verified accounts and then changing the names. Similarly, scams will often have thousands of likes, views, retweets or other types of social proof. Those are just from bots, and don’t mean anything either.
Although there are free crypto, it’s only possible to get small amounts and there’s often some kind of catch.
A Ponzi scheme is a simple but alarmingly effective scam that lures in new investors with the promise of unusually high returns. Here’s how it works: a promoter convinces people to invest in their scheme. These initial investors receive what they believe to be returns, but are actually payouts from the money deposited by newer investors. Now satisfied that the scheme is legit, those investors who received payouts pump more of their money into the scheme and encourage others to do the same.
Sooner or later, the scheme collapses when the promoter runs off with the money or it becomes too difficult to lure new investors. These types of pyramid schemes are nothing new and can be easy to spot, but that hasn’t stopped some crypto buyers from being scammed in a handful of high-profile incidents.
In January 2018, Bitcoin investment lending platform Bitconnect shut down its lending and exchange services amid allegations it was a Ponzi scheme. Launched in early 2017 with promises of incredibly high returns, the platform was quick to attract criticism from the wider crypto community and soon drew the attention of regulators.
A crypto rug pull is a type of exit scam in which a smart contract is robbed of its funds by one of the contract’s own developers, after a substantial number of users have deposited money.
Rug pulls have become increasingly common in the DeFi space, where users deposit funds into specialized smart contracts in order to earn rewards—a process known as “yield farming”. Once a large enough sum of funds has been deposited into the contract, one of the developers will then steal the funds, either using the contract’s keys or a hidden backdoor in the code.
A rug pull can be very difficult to spot before it happens as they typically originate from profitable projects that function as intended, unlike a Ponzi scheme or ICO scam which are illegitimate from the outset. Furthermore, because of the rapid and dynamic nature of DeFi, users often enthusiastically “pile in” to new projects early in their life-cycle while profits are highest, which may give the project an unwarranted degree of trust.
SushiSwap was famously rug pulled for 37,400 ETH by its developer, Chef Nomi, after amassing US$1 billion worth of funds after only a few weeks of operation.
Malware has long been a weapon in the arsenal of online scammers. But thanks to the complicated and highly technical nature of cryptocurrencies, much of which isn’t well understood by most people, malware now poses an even bigger threat.
Rather than stealing credit card and bank account details, crypto-related malware is designed to get access to your web wallet and drain your account, monitor the Windows clipboard for cryptocurrency addresses and replace your legitimate address with an address belonging to a scammer, or even infect your computer with a cryptocurrency miner.
Cloud mining allows you to mine cryptocurrencies like bitcoin without having to purchase the expensive hardware required to do so. There are several legitimate cloud mining services that let users rent server space to mine for coins at a set rate. There are also some legitimate ways to invest in Bitcoin mining companies and share profits from them.
However, there are also plenty of cryptocurrency mining scams out there. Some promise astronomical (and implausible) returns and fail to disclose a range of hidden fees, while others are fronts for Ponzi scams and are simply designed to part you from your money.
It’s also important to note that even if it’s not an outright scam, cloud mining will always be a bad investment compared to simply buying cryptocurrency, as will leasing any other form of cryptocurrency mining equipment. The quirks of Bitcoin mining economics means that no matter what Bitcoin prices do, you’ll always be better off just buying the equivalent amount of Bitcoin instead of trying to invest that money in a mining scheme.
Even if they’re not technically scams, it’s a mathematical fact that all “legitimate” Bitcoin cloud mining businesses and consumer-oriented miner rental schemes are invariably bad investments.
Cryptocurrencies are often dismissed as a speculator’s dream come true that are ripe for a little bit of market manipulation, which has led to the rise of what are known as “pump and dump” schemes.
This is where large groups of buyers target an altcoin with a small market cap, buy that coin en masse at a particular time to drive its price up (which attracts a whole lot of new buyers fueled by FOMO—a fear of missing out) and then sell to take advantage of the significant price rise.
This sort of thing is illegal in traditional securities markets, but is a common occurrence in the largely unregulated world of cryptocurrencies. In fact, there are several online groups and forums dedicated to this exact practice, so it’s important that you stay savvy and know how to steer clear of these scams.
In January 2018, a fake Twitter account purporting to belong to cybersecurity guru and crypto enthusiast John McAfee tweeted support for the GVT cryptocurrency, naming it “coin of the day.”
For some in the crypto community, this was good enough reason to buy some GVT, and just four minutes after the tweet was posted the price of GVT had jumped from $30 to $45 and trading volume had doubled. Fifteen minutes later, the price was hovering around the $30 mark once again, after early buyers “dumped” and ran.
On closer inspection, the Twitter account was revealed to be bogus and not associated with McAfee at all. Instead, it was simply a key player in a pump and dump scheme devised and implemented in a chat room called “Big Pump Signal.”
Not sure if a crypto website is a scam? Use this checklist to help sort legitimate providers from platforms you should avoid. It’s possible for a website to pass several of these tests with flying colors and still be a scam. Do your due diligence before giving any website or app personal or financial information.
| Response | Male | Female |
|---|---|---|
| Stocks | 37.08% | 25.94% |
If you’ve sent money overseas as the victim of a scam, unfortunately the chances of getting your money back are very slim. This is true for all international scams, but cryptocurrency in particular is especially difficult to recover.
However, you can still report it to help prevent other people from falling victim and to help law enforcement gather data and track down scammers.
If you’ve spotted a scam or been the victim of one, you should report it to your local police and the Canadian Anti-Fraud Centre.
If the scammer is using a particular crypto exchange, you may want to report the scam to the exchange. Some platforms carry insurance to cover losses due to unauthorized account activity, provided customers have taken reasonable steps to protect their account information and the private keys to their crypto. If such coverage is in place, it may be possible to recover some or all of what was lost.
There are plenty of simple steps you can take to protect yourself against fraud and Bitcoin scams. For starters, make sure you only buy and sell crypto on a legitimate exchange.
When you’re choosing a crypto exchange in Canada, consider factors like fees, supported coins and tokens, availability on mobile and desktop apps, user reviews and registration.
In Canada, cryptocurrency platforms are regulated by provincial/territorial securities regulators. A number of crypto exchanges are also registered with the Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA), a national organization under which provincial/territorial regulators collaborate on policy and market security.
Here are some examples of CSA-registered crypto trading platforms in Canada:
There are plenty of other simple steps you can take to protect yourself against Bitcoin and crypto fraud.
If you’re using a crypto wallet or exchange that supports two-factor authentication, enable this feature before depositing any funds. It’s simple to set up and provides an extra layer of account security.
A “hot” wallet is one that’s connected to the internet, while a “cold” wallet is one that’s held offline. Storing your crypto offline in a secure cold storage wallet is usually considered to be a much safer option than using an online wallet.
Avoid new and untested platforms. Let the early-adopters take the risks and make sure you don’t get involved with an exchange or wallet until you can be sure it’s legitimate. Better still, only use exchanges that are registered with the Financial Transactions and Reports Analysis Centre (FINTRAC).
Make sure your PC is protected against malware by keeping your antivirus software up to date.
Get into the habit of scanning the URL bar to look for the https and “secure” lock symbol, and remember to double-check the URL to make sure you’re visiting the correct site.
You need your private key to access your crypto holdings, so make sure you never disclose any of your private keys to a third party.
Disclaimer: Cryptocurrencies are speculative, complex and involve significant risks – they are highly volatile and sensitive to secondary activity. Performance is unpredictable and past performance is no guarantee of future performance. Consider your own circumstances, and obtain your own advice, before relying on this information. You should also verify the nature of any product or service (including its legal status and relevant regulatory requirements) and consult the relevant Regulators' websites before making any decision. Finder, or the author, may have holdings in the cryptocurrencies discussed.
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